Dubai: A Guide to an Unsustainable
City
Ghanem Nuseibeh - United Kingdom
This is an article from TT30 member Ghanem Nuseibeh. TT30 is a thinktank of 30 members of Youth Organization of Club of Rome. They established a project called "Sustainable Dubai". which has a provisory place at
www.twine.com already.
Sustainable Dubai
Thanks to Jordan Bruce Macleod from Canada, who introduced me to it. Jordan is co-author of upcoming book "Integral Cities" (author Marylin Hamilton from SDi Canada)and member of TT30 too. The book is right now in print and will be published in November of this year.
I am very much engaged in fostering Dubai Transformation from various points. No size fits all. And while I am profundly endorse any strategic endevor to devleop the GCC Region and recognize its dynamics in terms of mega projects, real estate growth and even initial momentum of knowledge economy- all in baby steps of course -I am aware that the basics of cultural adaptive intelligencies and codes lack stable and healthy blue foundations in Spiral terms.
I do not share all points. As it is NOT about greed and megalomany. its about the urgency of fast paced diversification in Dubai. As Oil is running ouit. And ANY strategy , development map, masterplan and/or blueprint for growth in Dubai Has to demonstrate its abiltiy to contribute to the economic basics.
And the fact that the emirates Abu Dhabi and Dubai are doing some competition in tribal Arabic manner is of course a red purple downward momentum which can only be adressed in context of a complete natural design perspective in spiral terms.
The article gives however insights into important themes. Unfortunately the grafics could not be transferred. For all who are interested in this growing space "Sustainable Dubai" I recommend the group "Sustainable Dubai" at Twine.com
Many contend that Dubai is one of wonders of our generation. Its very existence makes
one certainly wonder but this dump of concrete on sand is far from a wonderful, civilized or
indeed sustainable place.
The development of Dubai is unique in human history and offers ample opportunities to
study and investigate the fallacies and greed of the human kind and how they negatively
impact on our human civilization.
I will present a case demonstrating how Dubai is currently unsustainable socially,
economically or environmentally. While this is a criticism of the current state of affairs, it
should be seen as an alarm bell to save Dubai from sinking into deeper trouble.
History of Dubai
Located at the edge of one of the planets harshest environments, the Empty Quarter,
Dubai started off as a relatively insignificant port. The discovery of oil in the then equally
insignificant post - Abu Dhabi coupled with increasing trade activity, thrusted Dubai into
becoming a significant regional player.
In 1971, Dubai - together with six other emirates - that were then little more than small
desert towns, were granted indepdance by Britain and formed the United Arab Emirates.
Abu Dhabi with its massive oil reserves was made capital and Dubai became de facto
financial capital. Britain maintains two embassies in the UAE, one with an ambassador
based in Abu Dhabi and a Consul-General in Dubai. The fact that the mother country that
created the UAE maintains two embassies reflects a lack of trust in the long-term viability
of the unity of the federation.
Indeed Dubai maintains semi-autonomous rule. The most profound manifestation of the
strength of the autonomy was the 2003 freehold property law that the ruler of Dubai
approved, allowing foreign nationals to own properties in Dubai, a first not only in the UAE
but also the Gulf region. This law will prove to be the single most important factor shaping
Dubaiʼs growth, development and future.
Dubai and UAE Economy
Figure 1 shows the structure of Dubai and the UAE economy in 2006, based on
government figures. The stark difference between the structure of the UAE and Dubai
leads to the inevitable conclusion that Dubai is moving in a different direction than the rest
of the country.
Dubai: A Guide to an Unsustainble City
Real estatert & CoomunicationsManufactr (inc tourism, financial seastatthe
The Dubai economy relies mainly on construction and related services. Estimates suggest
that over half the residents of Dubai work in the construction industry and that as much as
80% of the economy is fueled by construction activity. Thus a collapse of either the real
estate sector or the construction activity signifies the near-collapse of the Dubai economy.
Dubai: A Guide to an Unsustainble City
Figure 1: (a) above: Dubai
economy by segment in 2006;
(b) UAE
Population of Dubai
Over 80% of Dubaiʼs 2 million residents are expatriates. Prior to the 2003 freehold property
law that gave property owners the right to a residency visa, the majority of expatriates
living in Dubai were migrant workers whose ability to live in Dubai was subject to
sponsorship by a local citizen or a registered company. As a result of the property law, an
increasing number of expatriates are now living in Dubai because of their property. In other
words, the freehold property law not only allowed the sale of properties to expatriates, but
also sold an important piece of the countryʼs sovereignty. It is by no means an
exaggeration to say that the fulcrum of where Dubai will head in the future is the
population impact of the freehold property law.
A stable socially and politically sustainable community requires the full integration of those
new residents into the decision-making levels of society, something that has hitherto been
restricted to the local population. Those “new citizens” will sooner or later request a say in
the running of the country, particularly when it comes to social issues that have a direct
impact on their lifestyles (e.g. operations of food outlets in Ramadan, alcohol
consumption). Many may argue that those newcomers should integrate into the society
they moved to and accept its customs and laws, as for instance one would expect of
migrants to Europe to adhere to European values. The difference between Dubai and, say,
Europe is that expatriate residents in Dubai form the overwhelming majority of the
population. The dilemma that faces Dubai is to either give the expatriates full rights to
integrate into the society and allow them to become equal citizens or continue with the
current system. The former signifies the end of Dubai as we know it and instead becomes
a modern democracy and the latter will lead to inevitable unrest and given Dubaiʼs reliance
on the expatriates to serious problems.
Dubai: A Guide to an Unsustainble City
Figure 2: Labourers working for
Sharjah Municipality being
transported in open-roof trucks, in 50
degree heat.
There remains an important segment of the Dubai expatriate population the treatment of
which has drawn significant criticism from international human rights organizations. The
labour work-force, forming over a fifth of but totally isolated from the rest of the population.
The so-called “labour camps” provide accommodation that in Western countries would not
even be fit as prisons. The current - and recently updated labour accommodation law gives
each labourer a living space of 3.6 m2. Labourers often work 60 hours a week and receive
less than decent food and are often on no more than US $ 5 a day. If Dubai wishes to
compete fairly with developed countries, such abhorrent practices should be abolished.
The argument that is often put as justification for these conditions is that those labourers,
who mainly come from the Indian sub-continent come from places where the living
conditions are even worse than is being offered. Such justification merits no reply.
However, what is clear is that Dubai is being built by the sweat and blood of expatriates
who live in conditions that modern human values cannot tolerate. The dilemma that Dubai
faces is that without those labourers, Dubai will no longer be able to continue with the
pace of development that is keeping it alive and will also loose its competitive advantage.
So what we see is economic development at the expense of human rights. This is not what
sustainable development is about.
Environmental Sustainability
The UAE is one of the worldʼs worst pollutants on a per capita basis. In absolute terms, the
UAE emits about 150,000 thousand metric tonnes of CO2 which on a per capita basis is
equivalent to over twice the per capita emissions of the United States and fifteen times that
of India. On average and given its population size (including expatriates), the UAE emits
10 times more than its fair share even at current emission levels. Contributing to this high
pollution level is the amount of construction going on. However, the lifestyle that is
attracting so many expatriates to Dubai is the main culprit in making it such an
unsustainable city.
Dubai residents consume more water and use more electricity than most other countries,
thanks mainly to the harsh climatic conditions. The environmental impact of using more
water is also higher in Dubai than in most other countries as most of the water is
desalinated seawater, which uses a great deal of energy and leads to significant
emissions.
Dubai residents own one car per 1.84 residents compared to 1 car per 2.88 in London and
1 per 2.25 in New York. What seems to be an acceptable difference between car
ownership in Dubai and well-established world cities is overshadowed by the fact that
private cars in Dubai are the main - and in most situations only form of transport available
as Dubai currently lack a significant public transport sector. The roads infrastructure is
barely coping with the number of cars on the roads, which is the reason why the Dubai
government is planning to increase the use of public transport. The National newspaper
(Volume 1 Issue 8) reported that “Dubai authorities plan to force drivers out of their cars
and on to public transport in a campaign to ease the cityʼs notorious traffic congestion”. It
quoted a director of the Roads and Transport Authority as saying that “....driving will
Dubai: A Guide to an Unsustainble City
become a lot more expensive in the next few years”. While this looks like a welcome
development from the outside, it is in fact removing one of the attractiveness of owning
relatively cheap high-end cars that attracts so many expatriates. In addition, the way that
Dubai is planned and the harsh weather conditions combine to make effective use of
public transport a dream that is difficult to realize. An example is the Dubai Metro which is
scheduled to open in late 2009. Distances between metro stations are far and for most of
them not within walking distance to the destination they are supposed to take passengers
to (the Burj Al Arab station is about 5 km away from Burj Al Arab and the Marina station is
on the other side of the 12-lane Sheikh Zayed Road from the Marina itself! Furthermore,
the metro does not reach the northern neighbour of Dubai, Sharjah, where the majority of
workers in Dubai live and most of the traffic congestion is attributed to. While the metro
may alleviate some traffic problems between certain parts of the city, it is unlikely that it will
become a viable public transport option, particularly in the summer months when
temperatures reach well above 50 degrees.
The UAEʼs geographic location means that travel into and out of Dubai is almost
exclusively by air. With expatriates forming the majority of the population traveling more
frequently than in their countries of origin, this base-line air travel forms a significant
addition to the per capita emissions of Dubai that is often ignored by emissions studies. In
addition, with over 75% of Dubaiʼs food and drink imported from overseas - often traveling
distances of over several thousand kilometers, a larger base-line carbon footprint from
transport of food than other countries is expected. Dubaiʼs climate renders it incapable of
supporting home-grown food produce.
The authorities are slowly introducing new green regulations in the construction industry.
However, given the urban planning (or more accurately lack of urban planning) of Dubai,
such green regulations will have little impact on reducing the overall per capita carbon
footprint. An example where green construction is encouraged is the new Waterfront
district of Dubai (planned to become home to 1.5 million) where all new buildings have to
become accredited by the US Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
scheme. New buildings have to score minimum number of points that are based on
environmental assessments. So-called “easy-points” include providing for bicycle racks for
residents as this is seen to discourage use of cars and encourage more envirnomentallyfriendly
travel. Bicycles cannot be used in Dubai unless within closed communities as
distances are very large and the roads network does not allow for bicycle use. The
Waterfront district itself will feature a new palm-shaped man-made island, similar to an
earlier man-made island in Dubai. Those islands are thought to result in a detrimental
effect not only on the marine environment but also on the shoreline itself. So even efforts
to go green are little more than an artificial colouring to an ugly reality.
Conclusion
The fast pace of construction in Dubai that is sucking so much attention is eclipsing the
reality that the worldʼs most unsustainable city is being built. Dubai is at a cross-roads. If it
is to become an important world city it has to adapt and become in-tune with both its
residents and the environment. Even then, it will face significant challenges to remain a
sustainable, clean and safe world city. Neither its geographic location nor its harsh climate
help. One wonders whether Dubai is more of a guinea pig than a viable sustainable city.
Dubai: A Guide to an Unsustainble City